仮定法 (Subjunctive Mood)
実現不可能なことを「実現するとよいのだが」と残念がる表現。
〔注意〕
①直説法(As I don’t know them, I can’t…)と仮定法(If I knew them, I could…)を区別すること。
・直説法：If it snows tomorrow, I’ll stay home.
（もし明日雪が降れば、家にいます。話し手は、「雪が降ることは十分ありうる」と思っている。）
・仮定法：If it snowed, I would stay home.
（もし雪が降れば、家にいます。話し手は、「雪が降ることはまずありえない」と思っている。）
②次に示す表現のほかに、If only~!, If I were to do, If~should, Without ~, But for ~,
If it were not for ~, If it had not been for ~, …など重要な表現がある。
(If it had not been for ~,をHad it not been for ~, のように、Ifを取り除き疑問文のような形で表すこともある。)
○仮定法過去と仮定法過去完了の要約：
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仮 定 法 過 去 |
I wish I could drive a car. |
車が運転できればいいのだが。 =I’m sorry I can’t drive a car. |
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If I got up earlier, I could catch the train. |
早く起きれば、電車に間に合うのだが。 =As I don’t get up earlier, I can’t catch the train. |
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He talks as if he knew everything. She made a face as if she were angry. |
まるで何でも知っているかのように話す。 怒っているかのようにしかめっ面をした。 |
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If it were not for his help, I wouldn’t succeed. |
援助がなければ、成功はない。 =Without/(But for) your help, … |
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仮 定 法 過 去 完 了 |
I wish I could have driven a car. |
=I’m sorry I couldn’t drive a car. |
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If I had got up earlier, I could have caught the train. |
早く起きていたら、電車に間に合ったのに。 =As I didn’t get up earlier, I couldn’t catch the train. |
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He talks as if he had lived there. She looked at me as if she had never met me before. |
まるでそこに住んでいたかのように話す。 以前に会ったことがないかのように 私を見た。 |
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If it had not been for his help, I wouldn’t have succeeded. |
援助がなかったならば、成功はなかった。 =Without/But for your help, … |
(a)仮定法過去+(subjunctive past):
☞現在、実現不可能なことを「実現するとよいのだが」と残念がる表現。
①.「If+主語＋過去形＋~, 主語＋助動詞の過去形＋原形動詞＋~.」の形で
「もし、~なら、~であるのに/~できるのに。」という内容になる。
☞As I don’t know your phone number, I can’t call you.
(君の電話番号を知らないので、電話できない。)を仮定法過去にすると、
If I knew your phone number, I could call you.となる。
(君の電話番号を知っていたら、電話できるのに。)
・Since I have some work to do, I can’t go to see him.
=If I didn’t have any work to do ( or If I had no work to do,) I could go to see him.
☞現在の事実と反対の仮定や実現の可能性の低い仮定を行い、それに基づく推量を表す。
・Such a thing is unlikely to happen, but if it did, what could I do?
（そのようなことは起こりそうもないが、もし起これば、何をすることができるだろうか。）
・If my son were alive, he would be twenty years old.
（息子が生きているなら、20歳になっているだろう。）〔If my son should be alive, ~とはできない〕
・Although he knows nothing about electronics, he speaks as if he were an expert.
（電子工学について何も知らないのに、まるで専門家であるかのように話す。）as if= as though
・He spoke as though he knew all about our plans
when in fact he knew nothing about them.
（私たちのの計画について実際には何も知らないのに、何でも知っているかのように話した。）
・He walks as if he were [=is] drunk.（酔っているかのような歩き方をする。）
・I would appreciate it if you would inform me of the result by noon tomorrow.
=I would appreciate your informing me of the result by noon tomorrow..
（明日の正午までに結果をお知らせいただけたならば、有り難いのですが。）
②「I wish＋主語＋助動詞の過去形＋原形動詞＋~.」の形で、「~ならよいのに。」と、
現在の事実と反対の事柄の願望を表す。(I wish I should Vは不可)
☞I’m sorry I can’t fly. (残念なことに、私は飛ぶことができない。)を仮定法過去にすると、
I wish I could fly. / If only I could fly!(飛べたらいいのに。)
☞I’m sorry I’m not a doctor. を仮定法過去にすると、
I wish I were a doctor. / If only I were a doctor!(医師でありさえすれば。)
I would rather I were a doctor.
・I’m sorry they can’t finish this work at once.
= I wish they could finish this work at once.
・I’m sorry I am not good at tennis. =I wish I were good at tennis.
・I’m sorry he doesn’t have his own car. =I wish he had his own car.
・I’m sorry they won’t stay with me tonight. =I wish they would stay with me tonight.
・I’m sorry it won’t be clear this afternoon. =I wish it would be clear this afternoon.
（ｂ）仮定法過去完了+(subjunctive past perfect):
過去に、実現しなかったことを「実現していたらよかったのに」と残念がる表現。
①「If+主語＋過去完了＋~, 主語＋助動詞の過去形＋現在完了＋~.」の形で
「もし、~だったなら、~であっただろう/~できたのに。」という内容になる。
☞As I didn’t know your phone number, I couldn’t call you.を仮定法過去完了にすると、
(君の電話番号を知らなかったので、電話できなかった。)
If I had known your phone number, I could have called you.となる。
(君の電話番号を知っていたら、電話できたのに。)
・I didn’t run faster, so I was not on time.
=If I had run faster, I would have been on time.
・Since I didn’t know his phone number, I didn’t call him.
=If I had known his phone number, I would have called him.
・That watch was so expensive that I could buy it.
=If that watch hadn’t been so expensive, I could have bought it.
・Since he was not careful, he was hurt.
=If he had been careful, he wouldn’t have been hurt.
②「I wish＋主語＋助動詞の過去形＋原形動詞＋~.」の形で、「~ならよいのに。」と、
過去の事実と反対の事柄の願望を表す。
☞I’m sorry I couldn’t fly. (残念なことに、私は飛ぶことができなかった。)を
仮定法過去完了にすると、
I wish I could have flown. =I wish I had been able to fly. (飛べたらよかったのに。)
・I’m sorry I could not take part in the festival.
=I wish I could have taken part in the festival.
・She is sorry she didn’t marry him when he proposed to her.
=She wishes she had married him when he proposed to her.
･He is sorry he didn’t study harder when he was young.
=He wishes he had studied harder when he was young.
・You looked as if you had seen a ghost
when you came out of the house. What happened?
（家から出てきたとき、幽霊でも見たかのような顔つきをしていた。どうしたの。）
・The mass class went so fast that I wished I had prepared better.
（集団授業は進むのが速かったので、もっとしっかり準備しておけばよかった。）
(c)仮定法過去完了と仮定法過去が混ざった文：よく出る
・If I had slept enough last night, I would not be very sleepy now.
（昨夜、十分に眠っていれば、今はあまり眠くはないだろう。）
=As I didn’t sleep enough last night, I’m very sleepy now
.（前半が過去形で、後半が現在形）
・If I had eaten breakfast this morning, I would not be hungry now.
（今朝、朝食をとっていたなら、今、空腹ではないだろう。）
=As I didn’t eat breakfast this morning, I’m hungry now.
・If I were you, I would not have said such a nonsense. 〔仮定法過去+仮定法過去完了〕
（僕が君なら、そんな馬鹿げたことは言わなかっただろう。）
・If I had taken your advice, I would be happier now. 〔仮定法過去完了+仮定法過去〕
（君の忠告を聞いていたなら、今はもっと幸せだろう。）
・If she were clever, she wouldn’t have made a mistake like that.
（彼女が利口な人間ならば、そのような間違いはしなかっただろう。）〔仮定法過去+仮定法過去完了〕
・If he had taken better care of himself in his younger days,
he would not be in hospital now.
（若いころもっと健康に気をつけていれば、今ごろ入院なんかしていないだろう。）
【問題】次の内容を仮定法で表しなさい。
（1）「私は鳥でないから、飛べない。」という内容を仮定法に
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
（2）「宿題を昨日のうちに済ませておかなかったので、今日外出できない。」
という内容を仮定法に
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
(d) 仮定法未来+(subjunctive future):
(1) If S should ~, S would/will ~. （万一~したら、~でしょう。）…実現の可能性が低い
・If I should fail, I will try again. （万一失敗したら、もう一度やってみます。）
・Should he be given another chance, he would do his best. (=If he should be given ~,)
（もう一度ﾁｬﾝｽが与えられれば、最善を尽くすだろう。）
・If anything should happen, please let me know immediately.
（何かあれば、すぐに知らせてください。）
(2) If S were to ~, S would/could/should/might ~.
万一~したら、~でしょう。/仮に~したとしても、~でしょう。…実現の可能性はほとんどない
・If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not change my mind.
（仮に太陽が西から昇るようなことがあっても、考えを変えることはない。）
・If it were to rain tomorrow, how disappointed would my son be?
（明日、雨が降れば、息子はどんなにがっかりするだろうか。）
(e) If~, が省略される場合：注意
(1) To hear him speak English, you would take him for an American.
=If you heard him speak English, you would take him for an American.（と思うだろう。）
She would be delightedto see you again.
=She would be delighted if she saw you again.（もう1度会えたら喜ぶだろう。）
I would have been happy to see him, but I didn’t have time.
= I would have been happy if I had seen him, but I didn’t have time.
(2) Born in different times, he would have become famous.
=If he had been born in different times, he would have become famous.
（別の時代に生まれていたら有名になっていただろう。）
Born a hundred years ago, he would have become a great man.
=If he had been born a hundred years ago, he would have become a great man.
（100年前に生まれていたら、偉大な男になっていただろう。）
(3) The same thing, happening in this country, would cause a lot of trouble.
= The same thing, if it should happen in this country, would cause a lot of trouble.
（同じことがこの国で起こったら大問題になるだろう。）
(4) A wise manwould not do such a thing.
/ A man of wisdom would not do such a thing.
= If he were/was a wise man, he would not do such a thing.
/ If he were/was a man of wisdom, he would not do such a thing.
A man of good sense would not agree to her proposal.
=If he were a man of good sense would not agree to her proposal.
No other man would have thought of that.（ほかの人なら思いつかなかっただろう。）
Nothing short of a bulldozer would demolish this concrete wall.
（ﾌﾞﾙﾄﾞｰｻﾞｰでも使わなければ、このｺﾝｸﾘｰﾄの壁は壊せないだろう。）
☞nothing short of ~
（ほとんど~の・まったく~の・~に近い・まさしく~(=little short of ~)・~でなければできない）
(5) With a little more care, you would not have made a mistake.
= If you had been more careful, you would not have made a mistake.
With a little more éffort, you could succeed.（もう少し努力すれば、成功できるのに。）
= If you had a little more effort, you could succeed.
With a little more patiene, I could finish reading this boring book.
= If you had a little more patience, I could finish reading this boring book.
= If you were a little more patient, I could finish reading this boring book.
With a little more patience, She would have succeeded.（もう少し我慢していたら成功したのに。）
= If she had had a little more patience, she would have succeeded.
= If she had been a little more patient, she would have succeeded.
What would you do in his position? （彼の立場ならどうしますか・）
= What would you do if you were in his position?
(6) I’m busy; otherwise I would go with you.
= If I were/was not busy, I would go with you. ☞otherwiseの直前は「,」「;」、どちらも可
I ran to the staion; otherwise I would have missed the train.（もしそうしなかったら）
=I ran to the staion, if I had not run to the station I would have missed the train.
They got two free tickets to Canada; otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go.
(7) One step further/farther, and he would have fallen in the pond.
= If he had taken/made one step further/farther, he would have fallen in the pond.
One more step, and I would have fallen off the cliff.
= If I had taken/made one more step , I would have fallen off the cliff.
(もう一歩進んでいたら、崖から落ちていただろう。)
One more effort, and you would pass the examination.
= If you made one more effort, you would pass the examination.
One minute earlier, and we could have caught the last train.
(8) If I had enough money, I would buy it. As it is,（実際は）I can’t do so.
(9) I’d rather you stopped smoking. （たばこをやめてくれるとよいのですが。）
I wish ~. / If only ~. / I would rather ~.
(10) It is high time you went to bed.（もうとっくに寝る時間だ。）
It’s high time you were in bed. / It’s about time you were in bed.
It’s time we were going. （おいとまする時間です。）=It’s time for us to go.
(11) Suppose/Supposing you were in my place, what would you do?
（もし私の立場なら、どうしますか。）(Supposed SV.はない)
(12) Had it not been for your help, ~. =If it had not been for your help, ~.
= Without your help, ~. / But for your help, ~.
I could have joined the party had I answered the phone yesterday.
=If I had answered the phone yesterday, I could have joined the party.
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
= Fortunately we had a map, if we had not had a map we would have got lost.
(13) It would have been better for you not to tell him so.
(=~if you hadn’t told him so.)
=You had better not have told him so.
(14) In case it should rain, I will pick you up.（万一雨が降るよなことがあったら車で迎えに行く。）
(15) I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse.〔条件を示す表現がない場合〕
（とてもおなかがすいているので、[食べようと思えば]馬一頭でも食べられるくらいだ。）
You have done very well, but you could have done better.
（とてもまくやったが、[やろうと思えば]もっとうまくやれただろう）
(16) The weather couldn’t be better for a picnic.
=The weather is best for a picnic.
（ﾋﾟｸﾆｯｸに[ふさわしい天気があるにしても]これ以上いい天気はありえない）
The weather couldn’t have been better for a picnic.
=The weather was best for a picnic.
（ﾋﾟｸﾆｯｸに[ふさわしい天気があるにしても]これ以上いい天気はありえなかった）
You couldn’t have given me a better present, for a bag is just what I wanted.
（鞄はまさに欲しいと思っていたものだから、これよりよいﾌﾟﾚｾﾞﾝﾄはありません。）
It couldn’t be better. （これよりよいものはない。）=There is no better.=It’s best.
（17）条件を表す表現のない仮定法の否定文に比較級がある場合、最上級の意味をもった表現になる。
I couldn’t agree with you more.（大賛成です。/ 私はあなたにこの上もなく賛成だ。）
I couldn’t have felt better last night.
（昨夜の気分は、この上もなくよかった。←昨夜は、よい気分があったとしても、それ以上のよい気分はありえなかっただろう。）
(f) 仮定法現在+(subjunctive present):
(1) suggest, propose, demand, insist, order, etc. + that+ S +[should] V
（提案する） （主張する） （命令する）
(2) It is necessary, desirable, important, essential,etc. + that+ S +[should] V
（必要な） （望ましい）（重要な） （肝心な）
(3)祈願文 God bless you! =May God bless you!（神の御恵みを）
Long live the Queen!（女王陛下万歳）
May this letter find you well and happy!
（ご多幸をお祈りいたします。/ ご多幸をお祈りして、この手紙をお送りいたします。）